DearCushion

Puerto Vallarta

2005-04-04T22:33:00.000-07:00

Formerly Las Peñas, city, western Jalisco estado (“state”), west-central Mexico. It lies on Banderas Bay, on the Pacific coastal lowland, 6 miles (10 km) south of the mouth of the Ameca River. It is the major port of Jalisco state and exports bananas, coconut oil, hides, and fine woods. Beans and bananas are grown in the hinterland, which is also used for raising pigs, horses, and bees. Puerto Vallarta's population

Mahalwari System

2005-04-04T13:15:00.000-07:00

For revenue purposes the name was applied to any compact area containing one or more villages, which were called “estates.” The

Orange Order

2005-04-04T04:16:00.000-07:00

The society was formed in 1795 to maintain the Protestant ascendancy in Ireland in the face of rising demands for Catholic Emancipation. Enmity between Roman Catholics and Protestants had always

Hadley, George

2005-04-03T21:36:00.000-07:00

Though educated in law, Hadley preferred physics to legal work. A pamphlet describing the quadrant and a Latin translation of this

Huguenot

2005-04-03T16:21:00.000-07:00

Any of the Protestants in France in the 16th and 17th centuries, many of whom suffered severe persecution for their faith. The origin of the name is uncertain, but it appears to have come from the word aignos, derived from the German Eidgenossen (confederates bound together by oath), which used to describe, between 1520 and 1524, the patriots of Geneva hostile to the duke of Savoy. The

Roman Catholicism, History Of, Napoleon Iexportation of the Revolution

2005-04-02T19:50:00.000-08:00

As it was obvious that the French Revolution itself had to be carried to some more permanent settlement, so it was recognized on all sides that a more stable arrangement of church-state relations was essential. This was achieved by Napoleon Bonaparte in a concordat concluded with Pope Pius VII on July 15/16, 1801. It recognized that Roman Catholicism was the faith of most Frenchmen

Futabatei Shimei

2005-04-01T15:34:00.000-08:00

Although Futabatei wrote three novels and translated many stories,

Mitchell, Arthur

2005-03-31T15:49:00.000-08:00

Mitchell attended the High School for the Performing Arts in New York City and began performing in Broadway musicals and with the companies of Donald McKayle and John Butler. In 1956 Mitchell became the only black dancer in the New York City Ballet. He soon became a principal

Fenestella

2005-03-31T10:31:00.000-08:00

Fenestella's

Ghaznavid Dynasty

2005-03-30T00:32:00.000-08:00

The founder of the dynasty was Sebüktigin (ruled 977–997), a former Turkish slave who was recognized by the Samanids (an Iranian Muslim dynasty) as governor of Ghazna (modern Ghazni, Afg.). As the Samanid dynasty weakened, Sebüktigin consolidated his position and expanded his domains as far

Priest River

2005-03-29T23:54:00.000-08:00

City, Bonner county, northwestern Idaho, U.S., at the junction of the Priest and Pend Oreille rivers. It is a gateway to a spectacular aquatic and forested mountain domain focusing on Priest Lake and Upper Priest Lake (north) and the Kaniksu and Coeur d'Alene national forests in the Idaho panhandle. Originally the territory of Kalispel Indians, the area was explored in

Tree Ear

2005-03-29T19:11:00.000-08:00

Chinese Mu Erh, also called Wood Ear, or Black Fungus, any of several edible mushrooms of the genus Auricularia that are popular in Chinese cuisine, especially that of Sichuan (Szechwan) province. Tree ears grow wild on and are cultivated on the bark of trees. They are gathered for use in a fresh state and are dried for storage. Dried tree ears resemble gray-black flakes of ash; when reconstituted the mushrooms expand into

Diet

2005-03-28T20:10:00.000-08:00

In the Carolingian empire, meetings of the nobility and higher clergy were held during the royal progresses, or court journeys, as occasion arose, to make decisions affecting the good of the state. After 1100, definitively, the emperor called the Diet to meet in an imperial or episcopal city within

Cyprian, Saint

2005-03-28T15:36:00.000-08:00

Latin in full Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus early Christian theologian and bishop of Carthage who led the Christians of North Africa during a period of persecution from Rome. Upon his execution he became the first bishop-martyr of Africa.

Xerxes I

2005-03-27T23:49:00.000-08:00

The basic work is still A.T. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire (1948, reissued 1985), a complex work, but one that contains the essentials. Charles Hignett, Xerxes' Invasion of Greece (1963), deals only with the relationships between Xerxes and Greece. Peter Green, Xerxes at Salamis (1970), discusses the Greco-Persian wars.

Hound's-tongue

2005-03-26T20:55:00.000-08:00

Two purplish-red-flowered, European species of hound's-tongue, C. officinale and C. germanicum, are widespread along roadsides

Chraïbi, Driss

2005-03-25T19:57:00.000-08:00

Chraïbi was educated first in a Qur'anic school and then in a French school in Casablanca. In 1946 he went to Paris to study chemical engineering, receiving a degree in 1950, after which he did graduate work in neuropsychiatry, only to abandon science just before receiving a

Arabia, History Of, Prehistory and archaeology

2005-03-25T07:01:00.000-08:00

Stone

Ma Tuan-lin

2005-03-24T23:44:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Ma Duanlin Chinese historian who wrote the Wen hsien t'ung k'ao (“General Study of the Literary Remains”), a huge encyclopaedia of general knowledge. This work, with the works of two other historians of the Sung dynasty (960–1279), Cheng Ch'iao (1108–66) and Ssu-ma Kuang (1019–86), is considered one of the greatest institutional histories ever written on China and, as such, was a model for many later

Arung Singkang

2005-03-24T19:14:00.000-08:00

As a young man Arung Singkang was exiled to Borneo, where he gathered a following and in 1737 returned and won control of his native state, Wadjo. He also defeated Bone, another Buginese state, and created a Buginese

Baboon

2005-03-23T08:18:00.000-08:00

Hans Kummer, In Quest of the Sacred Baboon: A Scientist's Journey, trans. from German (1995), is a narrative account of this primatologist's study of the hamadryas baboon. Baboon Tales (1998), directed by Gillian Darling Kovanic, explains and portrays on video the life of a baboon troop during a newborn's first year.

Balbinus, Decimus Caelius Calvinus

2005-03-22T14:44:00.000-08:00

A patrician, Balbinus was a Salian priest, twice a consul, and proconsul in Asia. In 238, when the Senate led a rebellion of the Italian cities against Maximinus (emperor 235–238), it placed the government in the hands of a board of 20, one of whom was Balbinus, and then chose Balbinus and Pupienus Maximus to be joint emperors. Pupienus, a former city prefect,

Ram Das

2005-03-22T11:24:00.000-08:00

Ram Das continued as Guru (1574–81) the missionary endeavour begun by his predecessor, Amar Das. On land given to him by the Mughal emperor Akbar, he built a holy tank, or pool; then, wishing to build a community around it, he invited businessmen and

Bloch, Robert Albert

2005-03-21T15:40:00.000-08:00

U.S. writer (b. April 5, 1917, Chicago, Ill.--d. Sept. 23, 1994, Los Angeles, Calif.), crafted dozens of screenplays, mysteries, fantasies, and essays but was best remembered for his spine-tingling psychological tales of horror and suspense, most notably the classic Psycho (1959), a cult favourite that was adapted for Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film of the same title. Bloch, who relied on elements of surprise rather

Extermination Camp

2005-03-20T19:10:00.000-08:00

The major camps were in German-occupied

Ganesan, Sivaji

2005-03-20T09:04:00.000-08:00

Ganesan dropped out of school at a young age in order to join a boys' acting troupe. In 1946 he made his mark playing the title role of the Maratha emperor Sivaji (the historical character who gave him his screen name) in C.N. Annadurai's play Sivaji Kanda Indhu Rajyam. When Annadurai formed the Dravida

Poxvirus

2005-03-19T20:00:00.000-08:00

Any of a group of viruses constituting the family Poxviridae, responsible for a wide range of pox diseases in human beings and other animals. Poxvirus was the cause in human beings of smallpox (q.v.), which was declared eradicated worldwide in 1977. (Chicken pox of human beings is caused by a herpesvirus; see herpes zoster.) The virus particle is somewhat brick-shaped, with the

Arpino, Gerald

2005-03-19T16:44:00.000-08:00

While serving in the U.S. Coast Guard (1945–48), Arpino met dancer Robert Joffrey in Seattle, Wash., and learned dancing in his spare time. Later, after training and performing in New York City, he toured with the Ballet Russe and appeared in Broadway musicals. He helped Joffrey

Sang-kan River

2005-03-18T13:17:00.000-08:00

Wade–Giles romanization Sang Kan Ho , Pin-yin Sang Gan He river in Shansi and Hopeh provinces, China. The Sang-kan River rises just south of Ning-wu, near the Great Wall of China, on the eastern slope of the Kuan-ts'en Shan (mountains), in northern Shansi. After flowing northeast in a trough running parallel to the strike of the Heng Shan, it turns southeast near Hsüan-hua (Hopeh) to emerge into the North China Plain in the Peking area.

Dzhalal-abad

2005-03-18T00:44:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Dzalal-abad, city, western Kyrgyzstan. Though made a city in 1877, it remained essentially a large village. Given city status again in 1927, it now is a regional centre for food processing and other light industries and has a theatre and a museum. Pop. (1991 est.) 75,900.

Tyrian Purple

2005-03-17T18:39:00.000-08:00

Naturally occurring dye highly valued in antiquity. It is closely related to indigo (q.v.).

Molcho, Solomon

2005-03-17T10:37:00.000-08:00

The son of Marrano parents (Portuguese or Spanish Jews forced to become Christians), Pires attained the position of royal secretary in a Portuguese high court of justice. When an Arabian adventurer, David Reubeni, arrived in Portugal, Pires became possessed by mystic

Elburz Mountains

2005-03-16T03:00:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Alborz, Albourz, Alburz, or Elburs, Persian Reshteh-ye Kuhha-ye Alborz, major mountain range in northern Iran, 560 miles (900 km) long. The range, most broadly defined, extends in an arc eastward from the frontier with Turkmenistan southwest of the Caspian Sea to the Khorasan region of northeastern Iran, southeast of the Caspian Sea, where the range merges into the Aladagh, the more southerly of the two principal ranges there. More commonly, however, the

Ealdred

2005-03-15T22:36:00.000-08:00

Ealdred became abbot of Tavistock, Devon, about 1027, and bishop of Worcester in 1046. Made archbishop of York by Pope Nicholas

Pittsburg

2005-03-15T13:01:00.000-08:00

City, Crawford county, southeastern Kansas, U.S., near the Missouri border. Laid out in 1876, it developed as a zinc- and coal-mining town and railroad centre and was named after Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Besides strip coal-mining operations, it has large plants that produce coal-preparation equipment and ammonium nitrate. Pittsburg State University was founded in 1903. The city

Prix Renaudot

2005-03-15T07:09:00.000-08:00

French literary prize awarded to the author of an outstanding original novel published during the previous year. Named for Théophraste Renaudot (1586?–1653), who founded La Gazette (later La Gazette de France), an influential weekly newspaper, the prize was established in 1925 and first awarded in 1926. Like the Prix Goncourt, with which it competes, the Prix Renaudot is awarded annually

National Army Museum

2005-03-13T18:21:00.000-08:00

The collections of the National Army Museum relate to all aspects of the British army from the Battle of Agincourt (1415) to the present day. They include material from the militia, yeomanry, volunteers,

Kock, Charles-paul De

2005-03-13T10:40:00.000-08:00

The son of a refugee Dutch banker who was guillotined during the Revolution, Kock became a bank clerk in 1808 but abandoned all thoughts of a business career that same year after publishing, at his own expense, his

Fairfield

2005-03-13T07:39:00.000-08:00

Fairfield is now a trade

Lamb, Willis Eugene, Jr.

2005-03-12T22:03:00.000-08:00

Lamb joined the faculty of Columbia University, New York City, in 1938 and worked in the Radiation Laboratory there during World War II. Though the quantum

Bohemian Massif

2005-03-12T16:39:00.000-08:00

Dissected quadrangular plateau, with an area of about 60,000 square miles (about 158,000 square km), occupying Bohemia, Czech Republic. Centring on Prague, it reaches a maximum elevation of 5,256 feet (1,602 m) and is bounded by four ranges: the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory, or Erzgebirge) in the northwest, the Giant Mountains (Krkonoše, or Riesengebirge) in the northeast, the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands

Hooft, Pieter Corneliszoon

2005-03-12T09:03:00.000-08:00

During three years spent in France and Italy, Hooft came completely under the spell of the new learning and art; the impact of that experience is shown by

Condenser

2005-03-11T20:44:00.000-08:00

Device for reducing a gas or vapour to a liquid. Condensers are employed in power plants to condense exhaust steam from turbines and in refrigeration plants to condense refrigerant vapours, such as ammonia and fluorinated hydrocarbons. The petroleum and chemical industries employ condensers for the condensation of hydrocarbons and other chemical vapours.

Primate, General structure

2005-03-11T01:57:00.000-08:00

The basis of the success of the order Primates is the relatively unspecialized nature of their structure and the highly specialized plasticity of their behaviour. This combination has permitted the primates throughout their evolutionary history to exploit the wide variety of novel ecological opportunities that have come their way. Although there are a few

Pencil Fish

2005-03-09T20:20:00.000-08:00

Any of several slender South American fishes belonging to three groups of characins, treated by some authorities as three separate families and by others as a single family, Characidae. Pencil fish pick animal food from the bottom or from plant surfaces. Most species inhabit slow-moving water and all live in fresh water. Some habitually swim at an angle, tail down,

Hertfordshire

2005-03-09T17:16:00.000-08:00

Administrative and historic county of southern England, adjoining Greater London to the south. The administrative county and the historic county cover slightly different areas. The administrative county comprises 10 districts: East Hertfordshire, North Hertfordshire, Three Rivers, and Welwyn Hatfield; the boroughs of Broxbourne, Dacorum, Hertsmere, Stevenage

József, Attila

2005-03-09T16:00:00.000-08:00

József was attracted by Marxist ideology and became a member of the then-illegal Communist Party. In 1932 he launched a short-lived literary periodical, Valóság, and in 1936 became one of the

Dualism

2005-03-09T08:30:00.000-08:00

In religion, the doctrine that the world (or reality) consists of two basic, opposed, and irreducible principles that account for all that exists. It has played an important role in the history of thought and of religion.

Kora

2005-03-08T11:12:00.000-08:00

Long-necked harp lute of the Malinke people of western Africa. The instrument's body is composed of a long hardwood neck that passes through a calabash gourd resonator, itself covered by a leather soundboard. Twenty-one leather or nylon strings are attached to the top of the neck with leather tuning rings. The strings pass over a notched bridge (10 strings

China, The role of the government

2005-03-07T20:18:00.000-08:00

China is a socialist country, and the government plays a predominant role in the economy. In the industrial sector, for example, the state owns outright firms that produce more than 60 percent of the gross value of industrial output, and all but a small portion of the remainder is owned collectively. In the urban sector the government has set the prices for key commodities,

Ramiro Ii

2005-03-07T06:39:00.000-08:00

Byname Ramiro The Monk, Spanish Ramiro El Monje king of Aragon from 1134 to 1137. He was the third son of Sancho V Ramirez. His elder brother, Alfonso I the Battler, left no issue and bequeathed his kingdom to the military orders. Ramiro, who had entered a monastery and was bishop-elect of Barbastro, renounced his vows, married, and received the crown. His daughter Petronila was betrothed to the son of Count Ramón Berenguer IV of

Aretaeus Of Cappadocia

2005-03-06T14:00:00.000-08:00

Greek physician from Cappadocia who practiced in Rome and Alexandria, led a revival of Hippocrates' teachings, and is thought to have ranked second only to the father of medicine himself in the application of keen observation and ethics to the art. In principle he adhered to the pneumatic school of medicine, which believed that health was maintained by

Ekistics

2005-03-06T07:53:00.000-08:00

Science of human settlements. Ekistics involves the descriptive study of all kinds of human settlements and the formulation of general conclusions aimed at achieving harmony between the inhabitants of a settlement and their physical and sociocultural environments. Descriptive study involves the examination of the content, such as man alone or in societies,

Earth, Electrical conductivity

2005-03-05T13:18:00.000-08:00

The electrical conductivity at the Earth's surface is extremely variable and is largely dominated by the presence of water. Laboratory measurements, for example, show that the conductivity of seawater is close to four siemens per metre (S/m; or a resistivity of 0.23 ohm-metre), whereas dry rock exhibits conductivities in the range 10-11 to 10-9 siemens per metre. When water is present

Central African Republic, Settlement patterns

2005-03-05T05:24:00.000-08:00

About three-fifths of the population is rural, residing primarily in the southern and western parts of the country. The eastern and northeastern sections of the country are less populated. Of the urban population, a significant proportion lives in Bangui. Other major towns are Berbérati, Bossangoa, and Bouar in the west, Bambari and Bria in the central plains, and Bangassou

China, Foreign policy

2005-03-04T10:58:00.000-08:00

While taking their principal cues in their foreign policies from domestic developments and generally adhering to the initial pro-Soviet line, the Chinese began to act—on the basis of several important lessons gained during the Korean struggle—to reduce Peking's militant and isolationist attitudes in international affairs. Peking had recognized that the great

Jacques Cartier, Mount

2005-03-03T23:46:00.000-08:00

French Mont Jacques-cartier, also called Tabletop, mountain on the north side of the Gaspé Peninsula in Gaspesian Provincial Park, eastern Quebec province, Canada. The highest peak in the well-forested Monts Chic-Choc (Shickshock Mountains), an extension of the Appalachians, is Mount Jacques Cartier, which has an elevation of 4,160 feet (1,268 m). The name Tabletop indicates its flat summit.

Zanthoxylum

2005-03-03T14:29:00.000-08:00

The prickly ash genus of the rue family (Rutaceae), comprising about 200 species of aromatic trees and shrubs native to the middle latitudes of North America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. There are both deciduous and evergreen species. They have small, greenish flowers and fruits that consist of groups of two-valved capsules, each containing a single shiny

Boilly, Louis-léopold

2005-03-03T03:19:00.000-08:00

Boilly, the son of a wood-carver, painted portraits for a living before moving to Paris in 1785. There he began to paint the detailed anecdotal pictures of fashionable

Anomalous Water

2005-03-01T18:06:00.000-08:00

Also called Orthowater, or Polywater, liquid water generally formed by condensation of water vapour in tiny glass or fused-quartz capillaries and with properties very different from those well established for ordinary water; e.g., lower vapour pressure, lower freezing temperature, higher density and viscosity, higher thermal stability, and different infrared and Raman spectra. For a few years after

Theatre, African

2005-03-01T13:31:00.000-08:00

The content and style of urban African theatre are influenced by both African dramatic traditions and Western theatre. The influence of Western styles is the result of

Flores

2005-03-01T01:34:00.000-08:00

Capital, Petén department, northern Guatemala, built on San Andrés island in the southern part of Lake Petén Itzá, only 449 ft (137 m) above sea level. Once capital of the Itzá Indians (Mayas who successfully resisted Spanish attempts to conquer them until 1697), Flores is a major trade centre for the Petén region. Chicle, timber, rubber, sugarcane, and cacao are the principal products

X Ray

2005-02-28T00:40:00.000-08:00

There are two methods in general use for detecting X rays. The first method relies on the X rays producing a photochemical change in a photographic emulsion. The blackening of the film is related to the

Flores

2005-02-27T14:30:00.000-08:00

Largest trade-union federation in India. INTUC was established in 1947 in cooperation with the Indian National Congress, which favoured a less militant union movement than the All-India Trade Union Congress. INTUC is largely anticommunist; it is affiliated with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.

Nicol, Davidson

2005-02-27T13:59:00.000-08:00

Nicol was educated in medicine and natural sciences in Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and England, and he subsequently served in various medical posts in those countries. He became

Fischer, Kuno

2005-02-26T10:39:00.000-08:00

With other writings on Gotthold Lessing, Friedrich Schiller, and J.W. von Goethe, Fischer contributed to the philosophy of aesthetics. Eventually he subscribed to Hegelian

Indian Philosophy, The logical period

2005-02-26T07:18:00.000-08:00

The logical period of Indian thought began with the Kusanas (1st–2nd centuries). Gautama (author of the Nyaya-sutras; probably flourished at the beginning of the Christian Era) and his 5th-century commentator Vatsyayana established the foundations of the Nyaya as a school almost exclusively preoccupied with logical and epistemological issues. The Madhyamika (“Middle

Karbala'

2005-02-26T01:22:00.000-08:00

The city's religious importance derives from the Battle of Karbala' (AD 680) between the Sunnite and Shi'ite sects of Islam. Husayn ibn 'Ali, the Shi'ite leader and grandson of Muhammad, was killed, and his tomb remains one of the greatest Shi'ite shrines and pilgrimage

Topazolite

2005-02-24T20:21:00.000-08:00

Yellowish andradite garnet, named for its resemblance to topaz. See andradite.

Kidnapping

2005-02-24T10:49:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Kidnaping, criminal offense consisting of the unlawful taking and carrying away of a person by force or fraud or the unlawful seizure and detention of a person against his will. The principal motives for kidnapping are to subject the victim to some form of involuntary servitude, to expose him to the commission of some further criminal act against his person, or to obtain ransom

Aerospace Industry, Missiles

2005-02-23T22:56:00.000-08:00

Missiles (see rocket and missile system), which are unpiloted, rocket- or jet-powered delivery systems for munitions, have assumed an important role in military strategy and tactics. Originally conceived as powered artillery shells and therefore the purview of munitions manufacturers, they rapidly became products of the aerospace industry by virtue of the ranges

Jabiru

2005-02-23T21:11:00.000-08:00

(species Jabiru mycteria), a typical stork of the New World, ranging from Mexico to Argentina. The jabiru belongs to the stork family, Ciconiidae (order Ciconiiformes). It is mostly white, with the naked skin of the head and upper neck black and red. The unusually heavy bill is slightly upturned. The jabiru is one of the largest American flying birds, reaching a length of 140 cm

Východoceský

2005-02-23T03:11:00.000-08:00

Kraj (region), north-central Czech Republic. It is bordered by Stredoceský and Severoceský kraje to the west, Poland to the north, Severomoravský kraj to the east, and Jihomoravský and Jihoceský kraje to the south. The Krkonoše (“Giant”) Mountains range across the north; in them rises the Labe (Elbe) River, which flows first south, then west, and which, with its tributaries, forms the

France, History Of, Parisian revolt

2005-02-22T23:29:00.000-08:00

In fact, the king had by no means reconciled himself to this revolutionary act. His concession was a strategic retreat until he could muster the military power to subdue the patriots. Between June 27 and July 1 he ordered 20,000 royal troops into the Paris region, ostensibly to protect the assembly and to prevent disorder in the restive capital. The assembly's pleas to the king

Pyrolusite

2005-02-22T06:35:00.000-08:00

Common manganese mineral, manganese dioxide (MnO2), that constitutes an important ore. Always formed under highly oxidizing conditions, it forms light-gray to black, metallic, moderately heavy coatings, crusts, or fibres that are alteration products of other manganese ores (e.g., rhodochrosite); bog, lake, or shallow marine products; or deposits left by circulating waters.

Salesian

2005-02-21T19:51:00.000-08:00

The founder of the Salesians of Don Bosco (formally, the Society of St. Francis de Sales; S.D.B.) was St. John Bosco (Don Bosco), a young priest who focused his concern on the orphaned and homeless child labourers

Bonaparte, Louis-lucien

2005-02-20T10:25:00.000-08:00

He passed his youth in Italy and did not go to France until 1848, when he served two brief terms in the Assembly as representative for Corsica (1848) and for the Seine (1849). He played no direct part in the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, of his cousin Napoleon

France, History Of, The Carolingians

2005-02-20T06:15:00.000-08:00

Representatives of the Merovingian dynasty continued to hold the royal title during most of the first half of the 8th century. They were captive monarchs, according to a contemporary biographer of Charlemagne. In actual fact, effective power was in the hands of the Pepinids, who, thanks to their valuable landholdings and loyal retainers, maintained a monopoly on

Stork

2005-02-20T02:24:00.000-08:00

Any of 17 species of large, long-necked, birds constituting the family Ciconiidae (order Ciconiiformes), related to the herons, flamingos, and ibises. Storks range from about 60 centimetres (2 feet) to more than 150 centimetres (5 feet) in height. All or part of the head and upper neck may be bare of feathers and brightly coloured. Storks are voiceless or nearly so, for lack of a fully developed

Pendleton

2005-02-19T08:32:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1868) of Umatilla county, northeastern Oregon, U.S., on the Umatilla River, adjacent to the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Situated on the Oregon Trail, it was founded in 1869 by G.W. Bailey and named for George Hunt Pendleton, a prominent Ohio senator. It became a wheat and cattle centre after the arrival of the railroad in 1889 and remains a centre of grain and vegetable production

Eisenach

2005-02-18T21:44:00.000-08:00

City, Thuringia Land (state), central Germany. It lies on the northwestern slopes of the Thüringer Wald, at the confluence of the Hörsel and Nesse rivers, west of the city of Erfurt. Founded by the landgraves of Thuringia c. 1150, Eisenach fell to the Saxon house of Wettin in 1264 and was chartered in 1283. It was intermittently the seat of a separate Saxon duchy between 1596 and 1741, when it fell to

Ealdred

2005-02-18T11:03:00.000-08:00

Ealdred became abbot of Tavistock, Devon, about 1027, and bishop of Worcester in 1046. Made archbishop of York by Pope Nicholas

Mitchell, W.o.

2005-02-17T13:32:00.000-08:00

Mitchell received favourable notice for his first novel, Who Has Seen the Wind? (1947), a sensitive picture of a grim prairie town seen from the point of view of a small boy. Mitchell's Jake and the Kid (1961) was later developed

Anatolian Religion

2005-02-17T08:57:00.000-08:00

The earliest evidence of religious beliefs has come to light at the mound of Çatal Hüyük, to the south of modern Konya. Here in four seasons of excavations (1961–65), James Mellaart discovered remains of a Neolithic village of mud-brick houses, many of which could be identified as shrines. They are dated by radiocarbon to about 6500–5800 BC (calculated with a half-life of 5,730 years). Huge figures

Zara, Siege Of

2005-02-17T02:28:00.000-08:00

(1202), a major episode of the Fourth Crusade; the first attack on a Christian city by a crusading army, it foreshadowed the same army's assault on Constantinople, the Byzantine capital, in 1203–04. Zara (modern Zadar, Croatia), a vassal city of the Venetian republic, rebelled against Venice in 1186 and placed itself under the protection of King Béla III of Hungary. Anxious to reassert their

Aeschylus

2005-02-16T22:19:00.000-08:00

This is the third and only surviving play of a connected trilogy, presented in 467 BC, that dealt with the impious transgressions of Laius and the doom subsequently inflicted upon his descendants. The first play seems to have shown how Laius, king of Thebes, had a son despite the prohibition of the oracle of the god Apollo. In the second play it appears that that son, Oedipus,

Breda, Treaty Of

2005-02-16T19:31:00.000-08:00

(July 31, 1667), treaty between England, the Dutch Republic, France, and Denmark, which brought to an inconclusive end the second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67), in which France and Denmark had supported the Dutch. The Dutch had the military advantage during the war (fought mostly at sea) but were compelled to make peace quickly to deal with Louis XIV's invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in the

Manchester

2005-02-16T10:38:00.000-08:00

City and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, northwestern England. Most of the city, including the historic core, is in the historic county of Lancashire, but it includes an area south of the River Mersey in the historic county of Cheshire. Manchester is the nucleus of the largest metropolitan area in the north of England, and it

China, China after the death of Mao

2005-02-15T21:06:00.000-08:00

Perhaps never before in human history had a political leader unleashed such massive forces against the system that he had created. The resulting damage to that system was profound, and the goals that Mao Zedong sought to achieve ultimately remained elusive. The agenda he left behind for his successors was extraordinarily challenging.

Gatlinburg

2005-02-14T23:10:00.000-08:00

City, Sevier county, eastern Tennessee, U.S. It lies about 30 miles (50 km) southeast of Knoxville, at the northwestern entrance to Great Smoky Mountains National Park. English and Scotch-Irish settlers began to arrive along the Little Pigeon River about 1795; by 1835 the settlement was called White Oak Flats. It was renamed in 1860 for Radford Gatlin, who opened a store there in 1855. In an American

Sandeau, Léonard-sylvain-julien

2005-02-14T08:47:00.000-08:00

As a young man, Sandeau became the lover of Amandine-Aurore-Lucie Dudevant (later known as George Sand) and worked with her on the novel Rose et Blanche (1831; “Red and White”), which was published under the pseudonym Jules Sand. At the end of 1832, she broke off the

Lip Ring, Lip Plug, And Lip Plate

2005-02-13T16:22:00.000-08:00

In South America at the time of the Spanish conquests, lip plugs, usually made of stone, gold, or rock crystal, were worn by the indigenous peoples. In several parts of Africa, especially in Congo (Kinshasa), Tanzania,

Alfonso Vi

2005-02-12T23:27:00.000-08:00

Byname Alfonso the Brave , Spanish Alfonso el Bravo king of Leon (1065–70) and king of reunited Castile and Leon (1072–1109), who by 1077 had proclaimed himself “emperor of all Spain” (imperator totius Hispaniae). His oppression of his Muslim vassals led to the invasion of Spain by an Almoravid army from North Africa (1086). His name is also associated with the national hero of Spain, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid), who was alternatively

Mauna Loa

2005-02-11T22:50:00.000-08:00

Volcano, south-central Hawaii Island, Hawaii, U.S., and a part of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (established as Hawaii National Park in 1916). One of the largest single mountain masses in the world, Mauna Loa (meaning “long mountain”) rises to 13,678 feet (4,169 m) above sea level. Its dome is 75 miles (120 km) long and 64 miles (103 km) wide, and its lava flows occupy more than 2,000 square miles (5,120 square km) of the island. Mokuaweoweo,

Teesdale

2005-02-11T16:17:00.000-08:00

District, administrative county of Durham, northeastern England, in the southwestern part of the county. The district lies on both sides of the River Tees. The area north of the river belongs to the historic county of Durham, and the area to the south lies in the historic county of Yorkshire. Teesdale is mostly an upland area within the northern Pennines. Its bleak basalt

Agri

2005-02-11T06:58:00.000-08:00

Agri is named after Mount Ararat (Turkish: Agri Dagi), situated to the east near the frontier with Iran.

Koto

2005-02-11T03:04:00.000-08:00

The paulownia-wood instrument is placed horizontally on the ground or on a low table and is played by plucking the strings with the thumb and first

Audiovisual Education

2005-02-09T23:32:00.000-08:00

Audiovisual education has developed rapidly since the 1920s by drawing on new technologies of communication, most recently the computer. History has shown that pictures, specimens, demonstrations,

Metallic Wood-boring Beetle

2005-02-09T17:17:00.000-08:00

Also called Jewel Beetle, any member of the family Buprestidae (order Coleoptera), among the most brilliantly coloured insects. Most of the approximately 15,000 species are widely distributed in tropical regions. These beetles are long, narrow, and flat, with a tapering abdomen. The wing covers (elytra) of some species are metallic blue, copper green, or black in colour and are sometimes used in jewelry.

Saigon, Treaty Of

2005-02-09T00:49:00.000-08:00

Under the terms of the agreement, the French received Saigon and three of the southern provinces of Cochinchina, the opening of three ports to trade, freedom of missionary

DearCushion

Puerto Vallarta

Mahalwari System

Orange Order

Hadley, George

Huguenot

Roman Catholicism, History Of, Napoleon Iexportation of the Revolution

Futabatei Shimei

Mitchell, Arthur

Fenestella

Ghaznavid Dynasty

Priest River

Tree Ear

Diet

Cyprian, Saint

Xerxes I

Hound's-tongue

Chraïbi, Driss

Arabia, History Of, Prehistory and archaeology

Ma Tuan-lin

Arung Singkang

Baboon

Balbinus, Decimus Caelius Calvinus

Ram Das

Bloch, Robert Albert

Extermination Camp

Ganesan, Sivaji

Poxvirus

Arpino, Gerald

Sang-kan River

Dzhalal-abad

Tyrian Purple

Molcho, Solomon

Elburz Mountains

Ealdred

Pittsburg

Prix Renaudot

National Army Museum

Kock, Charles-paul De

Fairfield

Lamb, Willis Eugene, Jr.

Bohemian Massif

Hooft, Pieter Corneliszoon

Condenser

Primate, General structure

Pencil Fish

Hertfordshire

József, Attila

Dualism

Kora

China, The role of the government

Ramiro Ii

Aretaeus Of Cappadocia

Ekistics

Earth, Electrical conductivity

Central African Republic, Settlement patterns

China, Foreign policy

Jacques Cartier, Mount

Zanthoxylum

Boilly, Louis-léopold

Anomalous Water

Theatre, African

Flores

X Ray

Flores

Nicol, Davidson

Fischer, Kuno

Indian Philosophy, The logical period

Karbala'

Topazolite

Kidnapping

Aerospace Industry, Missiles

Jabiru

Východoceský

France, History Of, Parisian revolt

Pyrolusite

Salesian

Bonaparte, Louis-lucien

France, History Of, The Carolingians

Stork

Roman Catholicism, History Of, Napoleon Iexportation of the Revolution